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Canal Irrigation and Drainage
The conveyance and distribution systems consist of canals transporting the water through the whole irrigation system. Canal structures are required for the control and measurement of the water flow.
An open canal, channel, or ditch, is an open waterway whose purpose is to carry water from one place to another. Channels and canals refer to main waterways supplying water to one or more farms. Field ditches have smaller dimensions and convey water from the farm entrance to the irrigated fields.
The most commonly used canal cross-section in irrigation and drainage is the trapezoidal cross-section. Earthen canals are simply dug in the ground and the bank is made up from the removed earth. The disadvantages of earthen canals are the risk of the side slopes collapsing and the water loss due to seepage. They also require continuous maintenance in order to control weed growth and to repair damage done by livestock and rodents.
Earthen canals can be lined with impermeable materials to prevent excessive seepage and growth of weeds. Lining canals is also an effective way to control canal bottom and bank erosion. The materials mostly used for canal lining are concrete slabs, brick or rock masonry and asphaltic concrete.The construction cost is much higher than for earthen canals. Maintenance is reduced for lined canals, but skilled labour is required.
Water flowing in steep canals can reach very high velocities. Soil particles along the bottom and banks of an earthen canal are then lifted, carried away by the water flow, and deposited downstream where they may block the canal and silt up structures. The canal is said to be under erosion; the banks might eventually collapse.
A drainage system is necessary to remove excess water from the irrigated land. This excess water may be waste water from irrigation or surface runoff from rainfall. It may also include leakage or seepage water from the distribution system.Excess surface water is removed through shallow open drains. Excess groundwater is removed through deep open drains or underground pipes.
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Irrigation
Drainage
Drainage Types and Systems
Agricultural Drainage +
Field Drainage systems +
Canal Irrigation and Drainage +
Surface Drainage Systems +
Subsurface Drainage +
Mole Drainage +
Bio-Drainage +
Regional Bio-Drainage +
Drainage Issues
Dictionary - Canal Irrigation and Drainage Terms
- Drainage area, Drainage basin, River basin, Catchment area, Catchment basin, Catchment, Watershed
- Water parting, Drainage divide, Divide, Watershed divide, Watershed boundary, Topographic divide
- Yield of drainage basin, Annual yield of drainage basin
- Drainage modulus, or Drainage coefficient
- External drainage
- Canalization
- Internal drainage
- Bio-drainage
- Drainage head
- Endogenic drainage
- Allogenic drainage
- Endoreic drainage
- Areic drainage
- Exoreic drainage
- Head of a canal
- Drainage gallery
- Drainage wells
- Horizontal drainage blanket, Pervious blanket, or Drainage filter
- Canal
- Straight canals
- Slightly sinuous canals
- Moderately sinuous canals
- Very sinuous canals
- Rabi and monsoon sections of a canal
- Canal land width, or Right-of-way
- Accumulative escaping power of canal
- Parent canal
- Offtake canal
- Distributary canal
- Distributary head, Secondary canal intake, or Lateral turnout
- Sub-minor head, or Quaternary canal intake
- Fall, Drop, Drop structure, Fall structure, Canal weir
- Fayoum canal weir
- Scouring escape, Sediment escape, Silt escape, Canal Scouring sluice
- Canal overflow spillway
- Canal spillways
- Shaft and culvert canal spillway, Combined overflow spillway and culvert, Subway, Syphon
- Stand pipe and culvert canal spillway
- Siphon spillway (canal)
- Marseilles canal type outlet
- Cross-drainage work, or Drainage crossing
- Level crossing, or Level drainage device
- Culvert aqueduct with full canal banks
- Culvert aqueduct with canal bank retaining walls
- Irrigation pipe aqueduct, Pipe aqueduct, Pipe flume
- Syphon aqueduct, Drainage syphon, Cross drainage culvert
- Drainage overpasses
- Syphon, Inverted siphon, Irrigation syphon, Canal syphon, Syphon superpassage
- Venturi flume drainage crossing
- Drainage culvert, or Supply culvert
- Lift irrigation area, or Lift area
- Canal evaporation losses
- Conveyance losses, Transmission losses, Total losses, or Canal losses
- Continuous-flow irrigation
- Average supply (of a canal)
- Overload of a canal
- Night-storage irrigation system
- Intermittent-flow irrigation system
- Operation of a canal with constant volume
- Operation of a canal with volume control
- Irrigation return flow
- Change of slope (of a canal)
- Farm irrigation structures
- Cross drainage
- Inverted drainage well, or Disposal well
- Collective irrigation system
- Individual irrigation system
- Perennial irrigation
- Seasonal irrigation
- Supplemental irrigation
- Systematic irrigation
- Flow irrigation, or Gravity irrigation
- Pumping irrigation
- Inundation irrigation
- Irrigation from a storage reservoir
- Irrigation from groundwater
- Irrigation by flood water spreading
- Sailab irrigation (a term used in India and Pakistan)
- Micro basin irrigation
- Irrigation by spreading
- Irrigation
- Irrigation interval
- Irrigation dose
- Ideal irrigation interval
- Irrigation season
- Fall irrigation (USA)
- Winter irrigation (USA)
- Early irrigation (USA)
- Sub-irrigation
- Overirrigation
- Irrigation canals
- Navigation canals
- Power canals
- Double purpose canal
- Perennial canal
- Seasonal canal
- Inundation canal
- Link canal, Carrier canal, or Feeder canal
- Contour canal
- Ridge canal
- Side slope canal
- Main canal, Main line, Pipe main, or Principal canal
- Branch canal, Lateral, or Primary canal
- Distributaries, or Secondary canals
- Minors, Distributor minors, or Tertiary canals
- Sub-minors, or Quaternary canals
- Distributary canal
- Parallel canal, or Side canal
- Surface irrigation
- Flood irrigation
- Basin method of irrigation, or Irrigation by beds
- Flush irrigation
- Spate irrigation
- Border irrigation, or Border method
- Flooding from ditches, or (contour ditch irrigation)
- Corrugation irrigation
- Furrow irrigation
- Surge irrigation
- Duration of irrigation
- Secondary flow, Two discharge, or Cutback irrigation
- Primary flow irrigation (single discharge)
- Wave irrigation
- Irrigation through buried drains, Irrigation-drainage, or Vallenhove process
- Irrigation by nappe control, or Ramspol process
- Selection of irrigation parameters
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Irrigation terminal
- Irrigation device
- Perforated pipe sprinkler irrigation
- Irrigation sprinkler machine
- Centre pivot irrigation
- Lateral-move irrigation machine sprinkler method
- Solid set irrigation
- Piloting of irrigation
- Irrigation cycle
- Micro-irrigation, Localized irrigation, Drip irrigation, Trickle irrigation
- Mobile micro-irrigation
- Pulse irrigation
- Surface drip irrigation
- Buried drip irrigation
- Drip irrigation functioning by propulsions
- Micro-irrigation network
- Micro-irrigation nozzle-line
- Irrigation dose
- Semi-automatic control (of irrigation)
- Micro-irrigation system with hydraulic sequential operation
- Automatic control (of irrigation)
- Porous wall microirrigation tubing
- Proportional irrigation pump
- Irrigation water
- Irrigation water requirement, Irrigation need
- Net irrigation requirement, Farm delivery requirement, or Delta at farm
- Crop irrigation requirement
- Diversion requirement, Gross irrigation requirement, or Delta at head of main canal
- Optimum irrigation requirements
- Irrigation efficiency, Farm irrigation efficiency, Farm delivery efficiency, Water conveyance and delivery efficiency, or Overall efficiency
- Irrigation water-requirement
- Subirrigation
- Surge irrigation
- Irrigation water use efficiency
- Unit irrigation efficiency
- Economic efficiency of irrigation
- Irrigation efficiency
- Agronomic efficiency of irrigation or Agronomic productivity of irrigation
- Degree of durability of irrigation
- Drainage
- Drainage channel
- Artificial drainage
- Lowland drainage
- Agricultural land drainage
- Drainage system
- Closed-drainage area, Blind drainage area, or Non-contributing area
- Drainage benefit
- Degree of drainage
- Field drainage
- Field drainage system
- Land drainage
- Natural drainage system
- Seepage drainage
- Subsurface drainage system
- Open channel drainage
- Surface drainage
- Main drainage system
- Drainage fittings
- Drainage pump sump
- Drainage trench
- Drainage head
- Horizontal subsurface drainage system
- Natural drainage or Natural drainage capacity
- Improved drainage or Artificial drainage
- Random drainage system
- Trenchless drainage
- Open-channel drainage
- Convergent drainage pattern
- Natural drainage systems, or Random drainage systems
- Cutoff drainage system, or Intercepting drainage system
- Herringbone drainage system
- Gridiron drainage system
- Double-main drainage system
- Composite drainage system
- Grouping drainage system
- Zigzag drainage system
- Cross-slope ditch system, or Drainage-type terraces
- Drainage-density
- Drainage pattern
- Superposed drainage, Super imposed drainage or Inherited drainage
- Subsurface drainage, Under drainage, Subsoil drainage, Underground drainage, or Covered drainage
- Relief drainage system
- Convergent drainage system
- Elkington drainage system, Sink-hole drainage
- Rerolle drainage system
- Across-the-slope drainage system, or Keythrope drainage system
- Vertical drainage, or Inverted well
- Mole drainage
- Surface drainage system
- Drainage coefficient, Drainage modulus or Drainage design rate
- Drainage design rainfall
- Drainage efficiency
- Drainage season
- Angular drainage pattern
- Arterial drainage
- Canal Scraper
- Dendrite drainage
- Drainage boards (also called prefabricated drains)
- Slot drainage
- Radial drainage pattern
- Trellis drainage pattern
- Drainage density
- Vertical subsurface drainage system
- Drainage pumping station, Drainage pumping plant
- Programmed irrigation
- Fully automatic irrigation system
- Irrigation development project or system
- Drainage terrace, Drainage control terrace, Interception and diversion terrace, Runoff control terrace, or Channel terrace
- Irrigation
- Surface irrigation
- Basin Irrigation
- Overhead irrigation
- Sub‑irrigation
- Microirrigation
- Trickle irrigation
- Drip irrigation
- Total irrigation
- Supplemental irrigation
- Preplant irrigation
- Organic irrigation
- Land drainage
- Design drainage rate
- Soil drainage status
- Excessive drainage
- Imperfect drainage
- Underdrainage
- Singular layout drainage design
- Natural drainage layout
- Composite layout drainage system
- Mole drainage
- Free drainage
- Poor drainage
- Drainage basin
- Conjunctive irrigation planning
- Irrigation project
- Irrigation potential
- Assessment of irrigation charges
- Increment in land revenue, Water advantage rate, or Canal advantage rate
- Irrigation cess
- Water rate, Water charge, Irrigation rate, or Irrigation assessment
- Primary benefits, Primary effects, Direct irrigation benefits, or Direct irrigation effects
- Secondary benefits, Secondary effects, Indirect irrigation benefits, or Indirect irrigation effects
- Economic value of unit of irrigation water
- Revenue value of a unit of irrigation water
