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As the name suggests, subsurface drainage, either natural or artificial, is beneath the ground surface. Subsurface drainage systems are used when the drainage problem is mainly that of shallow water tables.The subsurface field drainage systems can also be differentiated asregularsystems andcontrolledsystems; andhorizontal or vertical systems.
The subsurface field drainage systems consist of horizontal or slightly slopingchannelsmade in the soil; they can be open ditches, trenches, filled with brushwood and a soil cap, filled with stones and a soil cap, buried pipe drains, tile drains, or mole drains, but they can also consist of a series ofwells.Thefield drains(orlaterals) discharge their water into the collector or main system either bygravityor bypumping.
Subsurface drainage by wells is often referred to asvertical drainage, and drainage by channels ashorizontal drainage, but it is more clear to speak of "field drainage by wells" and "field drainage by ditches or pipes" respectively.The open dug wells ortube wells have normally to be pumped, but sometimes they are connected to drains for discharge by gravity.
When the drain discharge takes place entirely by gravity, both regular and controlled types of subsurface systems have much in common, except that thecontrol systems have gates that can be opened and closed according to need. When the discharge takes place bypumping, the drainage can be checked simply by not operating the pumps or by reducing the pumping time. Acontrolled drainage system reduces the discharge through the main drainage system, thereby reducing construction costs.They can also save much irrigation water.
Modern buried pipe drains often consist of corrugated, flexible, and perforated plastic pipe lines wrapped with a envelope or filter material to improve the permeability around the pipes and to prevent entry of soil particles, which is especially important in fine sandy and salty soils. The surround may consist of geotextile.
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Drainage Issues
- Subsurface ice, or Interstitial ice
- Drainage area, Drainage basin, River basin, Catchment area, Catchment basin, Catchment, Watershed
- Water parting, Drainage divide, Divide, Watershed divide, Watershed boundary, Topographic divide
- Yield of drainage basin, Annual yield of drainage basin
- Interflow, Subsurface runoff
- Subsurface flow, or Underground flow
- Drainage modulus, or Drainage coefficient
- Subsurface water, Underground water, or Subterranean water
- Subsurface float
- External drainage
- Internal drainage
- Bio-drainage
- Drainage head
- Endogenic drainage
- Allogenic drainage
- Endoreic drainage
- Areic drainage
- Exoreic drainage
- Drainage gallery
- Drainage wells
- Horizontal drainage blanket, Pervious blanket, or Drainage filter
- Cross-drainage work, or Drainage crossing
- Level crossing, or Level drainage device
- Syphon aqueduct, Drainage syphon, Cross drainage culvert
- Drainage overpasses
- Venturi flume drainage crossing
- Drainage culvert, or Supply culvert
- Cross drainage
- Inverted drainage well, or Disposal well
- Irrigation through buried drains, Irrigation-drainage, or Vallenhove process
- Drainage
- Drainage channel
- Artificial drainage
- Lowland drainage
- Agricultural land drainage
- Drainage system
- Closed-drainage area, Blind drainage area, or Non-contributing area
- Drainage benefit
- Degree of drainage
- Field drainage
- Field drainage system
- Land drainage
- Natural drainage system
- Seepage drainage
- Subsurface drainage system
- Open channel drainage
- Surface drainage
- Main drainage system
- Drainage fittings
- Drainage pump sump
- Drainage trench
- Drainage head
- Horizontal subsurface drainage system
- Natural drainage or Natural drainage capacity
- Improved drainage or Artificial drainage
- Random drainage system
- Trenchless drainage
- Open-channel drainage
- Convergent drainage pattern
- Natural drainage systems, or Random drainage systems
- Cutoff drainage system, or Intercepting drainage system
- Herringbone drainage system
- Gridiron drainage system
- Double-main drainage system
- Composite drainage system
- Grouping drainage system
- Zigzag drainage system
- Cross-slope ditch system, or Drainage-type terraces
- Drainage-density
- Drainage pattern
- Superposed drainage, Super imposed drainage or Inherited drainage
- Subsurface drainage, Under drainage, Subsoil drainage, Underground drainage, or Covered drainage
- Relief drainage system
- Convergent drainage system
- Subsurface drain, Under drain, Covered drain, or Buried drain
- Elkington drainage system, Sink-hole drainage
- Rerolle drainage system
- Across-the-slope drainage system, or Keythrope drainage system
- Vertical drainage, or Inverted well
- Mole drainage
- Surface drainage system
- Drainage coefficient, Drainage modulus or Drainage design rate
- Drainage design rainfall
- Drainage efficiency
- Drainage season
- Subsurface run-off
- Angular drainage pattern
- Arterial drainage
- Dendrite drainage
- Drainage boards (also called prefabricated drains)
- Slot drainage
- Radial drainage pattern
- Trellis drainage pattern
- Drainage density
- Vertical subsurface drainage system
- Drainage pumping station, Drainage pumping plant
- Drainage terrace, Drainage control terrace, Interception and diversion terrace, Runoff control terrace, or Channel terrace
- Land drainage
- Design drainage rate
- Soil drainage status
- Excessive drainage
- Imperfect drainage
- Underdrainage
- Singular layout drainage design
- Natural drainage layout
- Composite layout drainage system
- Mole drainage
- Free drainage
- Poor drainage
- Drainage basin
- Subsurface geology
