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Drainage and Water Quality
As the main functions of drainage is preventing salinization and removal of accumulated salts or toxic elements, drainage water contains high concentration of salts, nutrients and other crop-related chemicals in drainage discharge. This concentration varies with time and discharge rate. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in intensive agricultural production and the quality of effluent its impact on downstream aquatic ecosystems need to analysedfor nutrients and pesticides.
The nutrients of most concern are N and P. In addition, from time to time, natural trace elements from the soil itself may be harmful to the ecosystem. Effluent laden with N and P stimulates eutrophication in receiving water bodies. In addition to agricultural chemicals and trace elements, drainage water from irrigated areas frequently contains salts. The impact of salts on downstream users needs to be evaluated. Some soils are abundant in trace elements, and these could leach to the drainage system.
Small amounts of trace elements such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, B, Cr and Se are harmful to aquatic species because of biological magnification. The environmental consequences of disposing of drainage water from California's irrigated San Joaquin Valley into the 470 ha Kesterson Reservoir (a closed basin) are well known. The reservoir was a waterfowl habitat, and concentrating Se in the drainage water caused fish species to disappear, and resulted in deformities in water bird embryos. The failure to construct an adequate outfall drain to the sea, the use of a waterfowl habitat for drainage water disposal, and the lack of proper water quality monitoring were the major reasons for these negative environmental impacts.
Care must be taken to ensure that the disposal of drainage water does not interfere with the ecosystem's aquatic and terrestrial species. Concern has been expressed about damage by agricultural drainage water to estuarine fisheries in some countries.
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Irrigation
Drainage
Drainage Types and Systems
Drainage Issues
Dictionary - Drainage and Water Quality Terms
- Acceptable quality level
- Operating characteristic in quality control, or OC curve in quality control
- Surface water hydrology
- Geohydrology, Hydrogeology or Groundwater hydrology
- Hydrological year, or Water year
- Headwater, or Headwaters
- Slush, or Watery mud
- Snowmelt, or Snow water
- Water-equivalent of snow, Snow water equivalent
- Drainage area, Drainage basin, River basin, Catchment area, Catchment basin, Catchment, Watershed
- Experimental basin, or Experimental watershed (USA, AU)
- Water parting, Drainage divide, Divide, Watershed divide, Watershed boundary, Topographic divide
- Yield of drainage basin, Annual yield of drainage basin
- Storm runoff or Storm-water runoff
- Groundwater runoff
- Drainage modulus, or Drainage coefficient
- Watershed leakage
- Headwater storage
- River basin management, Watershed management, or River management
- River basin model, or Watershed model (US)
- Ungauged basin, or Ungaged watershed (US)
- Water balance, or Water budget
- Groundwater storage
- Groundwater province
- Subsurface water, Underground water, or Subterranean water
- Groundwater
- Zone of aeration, Aeration zone, Zone of suspended water, or Unsaturated zone
- Belt of soil water
- Interstitial water
- Suspended water
- Capillary groundwater, or Fringe water
- Intermediate water
- Vadose water, Gravity suspended water, or Gravitational water
- Groundwater table
- Free groundwater, Phreatic water, or Non-artesian water
- Confined water, or Confined groundwater
- Perched water, or Perched groundwater
- Semiperched groundwater
- Fixed groundwater
- Connate water
- Adsorption water
- Attached groundwater
- Cavern water
- Cavern water reservoir
- Fissure water, or Fault water
- Juvenile water
- Metamorphic water
- Meteoric water
- Pore water
- Primitive water
- Rejuvenated water
- Water of compaction
- Water of infiltration
- Influent water
- Water of condensation
- Groundwater flow
- Artesian water
- Groundwater reservoir
- Water-bearing media or Water-bearing strata
- Groundwater artery
- Groundwater divide
- Water-table spring
- Water-table contour, or Groundwater contour
- Hydro-isobaths, or Isobaths of water table
- Belt of fluctuation of water table, or Belt of phreatic fluctuation
- Phreatic decline, or Decline of water table
- Cone of water-table depression, or Cone of pumping depression
- Phreatic fluctuation, or Fluctuation of water table
- Groundwater cascade
- Groundwater dam
- Highest stage of the water table, or Phreatic height
- Groundwater ridge
- Interstream groundwater ridge
- Groundwater mound, or Groundwater hill
- Groundwater trench
- Groundwater withdrawal, or Groundwater extraction
- Water table
- Water surface (groundwater)
- Phreatic low, or Lowest stage of the water table
- Natural water table
- Profile of water table
- Perched water table
- Semiperched water table
- Field capacity, Normal field capacity, Normal moisture capacity, Maximum field carrying capacity, Field capillary (moisture) capacity, Effective water-holding capacity, Specific retention
- Effective velocity (of groundwater), Actual velocity (of groundwater), True velocity (of groundwater), or Field velocity (of groundwater)
- Apparent velocity (of groundwater)
- Average velocity (of groundwater)
- Critical velocity (of groundwater )
- Groundwater turbulent flow
- Groundwater recharge
- Groundwater balance, or Groundwater budget
- Groundwater increment, or Groundwater accretion
- Groundwater decrement
- Groundwater inventory
- Groundwater equation
- Groundwater management
- Groundwater model
- Absorbed water
- Groundwater balance
- Groundwater basin
- Zone of fluctuation of water table, or zone of phreatic fluctuations
- Dead water
- Water surface slope
- Water-stage recorder, or Water-level recorder
- Freshwater
- Surface water
- Watershed
- External drainage
- Ponded water
- Freshwater lake
- Centimetre of water
- Head of water in metres
- Head of water in metres
- Backwater
- Backwater curve
- Backwater effect
- Bed building stage of river, or Mean water stage of river
- High water training, or Training for discharge
- Low water training, or Training for depth
- Mean water training, or Training for sediment
- Tail water erosion
- Moisture content, Water content or Moisture percentage
- Water-depth ratio
- Hygroscopic moisture, Hygroscopic water, or Moisture of condensation
- Capillary moisture, or Capillary water
- Combined water
- Bound water
- Imbibation moisture, or Water of imbibation
- Water of saturation
- Water of supersaturation, or Water of dilation
- Moisture-holding capacity, Saturation capacity or Maximum water capacity
- Actual water deficiency
- Unavailable soil moisture, or Unavailable water
- pF of soil water
- Adhesive water, or Pellicular water
- Soil water zone
- Available water
- Soil water deficit
- Soil water tension
- Plerotic water
- Superfluous water
- Gravitational water
- Internal drainage
- Waterlogging
- Waterlogged low land
- Bio-drainage
- Drainage head
- Slack water, or Slack tide
- Diurnal inequality
- Tidal water level
- Low water of ordinary spring tides (LWOST)
- High water line of tide
- Indian spring low water
- Watershed management
- Endogenic drainage
- Allogenic drainage
- Endoreic drainage
- Areic drainage
- Exoreic drainage
- Operation waste, or Escaped water
- Waterway
- Standard waterway, Theoretical waterway, or Normal waterway
- Lacey`s waterway, or Lacey`s wetted perimeter
- Contracted waterway
- Dewatering
- Surface area of reservoir, or Maximum water surface area
- Water surface
- Maximum water level
- Retention water level, Top water level, Normal top water level, Full supply level, or Normal water level
- Exceptional water level, or Abnormal water level
- Normal water surface elevation, Normal water level, Conservation water level, Storage level, Normal pool level, or Conservation storage level
- Drainage gallery
- Drainage wells
- Waterstop
- River sluices, Waste outlets, or Dewatering outlets
- Horizontal drainage blanket, Pervious blanket, or Drainage filter
- Water intake test
- Pore pressure, Pore water pressure, or Neutral stress
- Water turbine
- Water hammer
- Water seal
- Cup basin type water seal
- Tilted outlet type water seal
- Obstruction weir type water seal
- Baby siphon type water seal, or Maramsilli baby siphon type water seal
- Auxiliary siphon type water seal
- Overfall weir type water seal, or Priming weir type water seal
- Mechanically induced water seal
- Tudel type water seal, Stepped type water seal, Offset type water seal, or Joggle type water seal
- Clear overfall type water seal
- Baffle type water seal
- Stilling basin, Tumble way, Hydraulic energy dissipator, Water-stilling device, or Energy dissipating device
- Water cushion, Stilling pool, or Cistern
- Tailwater rating curve, or Downstream stage discharge curve
- Water-sediment complex
- Water level diagram
- Constriction water-meter
- Mixed water levels control gate
- Flushing water
- Superfluous water
- Extra water, or Escapages
- Surplus water
- Excess water, or Surcharge water
- Waste water
- Lockage water
- Thrift basin chamber, Economizing chamber, Water saving chamber, Thrift lock
- Headwater
- Tailwater
- Cross-drainage work, or Drainage crossing
- Level crossing, or Level drainage device
- Syphon aqueduct, Drainage syphon, Cross drainage culvert
- Drainage overpasses
- Venturi flume drainage crossing
- Cut-water
- Sharp (nose) cut-water, or Pointed (nose) cut-water
- Blunt (nose) cut-water
- Circular (nose) cut-water, or Half round cut-water
- Segmental cut-water
- Straight (line, surface) sharp cut-water, Equilateral cut-water, or Sixty degree straight sharp cut-water
- Elliptical cut-water
- Asymmetrical (nose) cut-water
- Ease-water, Fairing
- Overall waterway
- Clear waterway, Clear span
- Drainage culvert, or Supply culvert
- Water mill
- Water flour mill
- Pelton wheel, Pelton water wheel, Tangential turbine
- Groundwater conservation
- Groundwater mining
- Groundwater overdraft
- Water allowance
- Integrated Water Resources Management
- Water right
- Water sales
- Water account
- Water requirement
- Period of shortage of water
- Excess water
- Water-right
- Waterman, or Water bailiff
- Watercourses
- Sub-watercourses
- Down the watercourse turn
- Round the watercourse turn
- Cross drainage
- Levee district, District water board, or Water board of polder
- Groundwater storeys
- Confined-water well
- Observation well, Groundwater station, Monitor well, or Piezometer
- Inverted drainage well, or Disposal well
- Depleted phreatic surface, or Depleted water table
- Cone of depression, Cone of pumping depression, Cone of influence, Cone of exhaustion, Cone of water table depression, or Cone of pressure relief
- Artesian water power
- Prospecting (groundwater)
- Dowsing, Water witching, or Divining
- Dowser, Divining rod, Dipping rod, Water witching stick, or Wiggle stick
- See-saw water lift, Picotah, Picottah, Piccota, or Pikota
- Improved water wheel, Chakram
- Water ladder, Chinese dragon wheel, Rahad
- Water wheel
- Undershot water wheel
- Irrigation from groundwater
- Irrigation by flood water spreading
- Preliminary watering
- First watering
- Irrigation through buried drains, Irrigation-drainage, or Vallenhove process
- Injected water ratio, or Driving water ratio
- Irrigation water
- Profitable crop water requirement, or Unit water requirement
- Water requirement, Net water requirement, Total water requirement
- Optimum water requirement
- Irrigation water requirement, Irrigation need
- Critical water deficit
- Possible water expenditure
- Crop water requirement
- Actual water income
- Desired water income
- Duty, or Water duty
- Designed duty of water
- Economic water duty
- Consumptive water use or Consumptive use
- Effective water use
- Water application efficiency
- Water storage efficiency
- Irrigation efficiency, Farm irrigation efficiency, Farm delivery efficiency, Water conveyance and delivery efficiency, or Overall efficiency
- Irrigation water-requirement
- Available soil water storage
- Field water balance
- Groundwater table
- Method of water delivery
- Peak period crop water requirements
- Soil water stress
- Soil water content
- Soil water tension
- Total available soil water storage
- Total soil water storage
- Crop water use efficiency or Crop water use index
- Irrigation water use efficiency
- Level of satisfaction of the water requirement of users
- Drainage
- Drainage channel
- Artificial drainage
- Lowland drainage
- Agricultural land drainage
- Drainage system
- Closed-drainage area, Blind drainage area, or Non-contributing area
- Drainage benefit
- Degree of drainage
- Surface water
- Field drainage
- Field drainage system
- Land drainage
- Natural drainage system
- Perched water table
- Seepage drainage
- Subsurface drainage system
- Open channel drainage
- Surface drainage
- Groundwater table
- Main drainage system
- Watershed
- Artesian water
- Water bearing
- Drainage fittings
- Drainage pump sump
- Drainage trench
- Drainage head
- Horizontal subsurface drainage system
- Natural drainage or Natural drainage capacity
- Improved drainage or Artificial drainage
- Random drainage system
- Trenchless drainage
- Open-channel drainage
- Convergent drainage pattern
- Natural drainage systems, or Random drainage systems
- Cutoff drainage system, or Intercepting drainage system
- Herringbone drainage system
- Gridiron drainage system
- Double-main drainage system
- Composite drainage system
- Grouping drainage system
- Zigzag drainage system
- Cross-slope ditch system, or Drainage-type terraces
- Drainage-density
- Drainage pattern
- Superposed drainage, Super imposed drainage or Inherited drainage
- Subsurface drainage, Under drainage, Subsoil drainage, Underground drainage, or Covered drainage
- Relief drainage system
- Convergent drainage system
- Elkington drainage system, Sink-hole drainage
- Rerolle drainage system
- Across-the-slope drainage system, or Keythrope drainage system
- Vertical drainage, or Inverted well
- Mole drainage
- Surface drainage system
- Drainage coefficient, Drainage modulus or Drainage design rate
- Drainage design rainfall
- Drainage efficiency
- Drainage season
- Excess water
- Field capacity, Field moisture capacity, Normal field capacity, Normal capacity, Capillary capacity, Maximum field carrying capacity, Field capillary (moisture) capacity, Effective water holding capacity
- Free water
- Phreatic water
- Soil water head
- Total head, Total hydraulic head or Total soil water potential
- Unconfined water
- Angular drainage pattern
- Arterial drainage
- Dendrite drainage
- Drainage boards (also called prefabricated drains)
- Slot drainage
- Water devide
- Radial drainage pattern
- Trellis drainage pattern
- Drainage density
- Vertical subsurface drainage system
- Backwater gate
- Drainage pumping station, Drainage pumping plant
- Water gate
- Waterproof cement
- Water repellent cement
- Water-reducing agent, or Wetting agent
- Water-repelling agent
- Water-cement ratio
- Moist curing, Water curing
- Bulk density, Void content, Specific gravity, Water absorption
- Water paints
- Water coffer dam
- Batchers, Aggregate batcher, Water batcher, Cement batcher
- Dewatering
- Semi-automatic field water distribution system, or Partially automatic system
- Water level control system (pumps)
- Quality ratios
- Water resources of artificial origin
- Water erosion
- Headwater erosion
- Aggressive water
- Total potential (of soil water)
- Soil water pressure
- Water content
- Soil Water Characteristics Curve
- Differential water capacity
- Soil water diffusivity
- Water control
- Watershed management
- Drainage terrace, Drainage control terrace, Interception and diversion terrace, Runoff control terrace, or Channel terrace
- Grassed waterways, or Sod waterways
- Water salinity
- Waste water re-use
- Environmental quality
- Freshwater peat
- Water Resource
- Cold‑water fishery
- Warm‑water fishery
- Primary standard (for air quality)
- Secondary standard (for air quality)
- Water pollution
- Water quality
- Waterborne diseases
- Water disturbance
- Groundwater contamination
- Industrial wastewater
- Raw water
- Reclaimed water
- Receiving waters
- Cooling water
- Wastewater
- Sanitary wastewater
- Municipal wastewater
- Domestic sewage, Domestic effluents, Domestic wastes, or Domestic wastewater
- Sullage water
- Stormwater runoff
- Stormwater overflow:
- Combined wastewater
- Compatible industrial wastewater
- Wastewater reclamation, waste water treatment
- Clarified wastewater
- Dewatering
- Decomposition of wastewater
- Coagulated wastewater
- Filtered wastewater
- Disinfected wastewater
- Oxidized wastewater
- Slow rate wastewater land treatment
- Rapid infiltration wastewater land treatment
- Overland flow wastewater land treatment
- Environmental quality standards
- Water quality management
- Water quality standards
- Drinking water standards
- Composite water sample
- Water quality criteria
- Water penetration
- Dystrophic water
- Drinking water supply
- Potable water
- Soft water
- Hard water
- Brackish water
- Salt water intrusion
- Land drainage
- Design drainage rate
- Soil drainage status
- Excessive drainage
- Imperfect drainage
- Surface water problem
- Water‑gathering surface
- Water neutral surface
- Water‑spreading surface
- Ground-water table control ditch
- Underdrainage
- Singular layout drainage design
- Natural drainage layout
- Composite layout drainage system
- Mole drainage
- Free drainage
- Poor drainage
- Drainage basin
- Groundwater flooding
- Watershed
- Flood mark, High watermark, or Rack mark
- Flood meter, or Water level gauge
- Highest high water
- Overflowing, or Overtopping by high water level
- Water-retaining side, Wet side, or Outer side of the dike
- Watercourse law
- Water tunnel
- Refraction (of water waves)
- Diffraction (of water waves)
- Project, Scheme, Water project, or Water resources development project
- Watershed project
- Municipal water
- Industrial water
- Domestic water
- Commercial water
- Public water
- Recreational uses of water
- Agricultural water use
- Artificial groundwater recharge
- Groundwater system, or Groundwater basin
- Water conservation
- Watercourse
- Water management
- Water policy
- Water resources
- Heavily modified water body
- Surface water body
- Water services
- Water resources appraisal
- Water resources survey
- Available water supply
- Phases of water resources development
- Underground water basin
- Partially developed underground water basin
- Fully developed underground water basin
- Groundwater investigations, or Geohydrological investigations
- Geochemical and geothermal water surveys
- Quality Assurance
- Quality Control
- Quality Management
- Quality Review
- Quality Planning
- Increment in land revenue, Water advantage rate, or Canal advantage rate
- Water rate, Water charge, Irrigation rate, or Irrigation assessment
- Water rental
- Minimum water rental charge
- Volumetric water rate
- Occupier`s water rate, or Crop water rate
- Agreement water rate, or Lease water rate
- Differential water rate
- Domestic, municipal and industrial water benefits
- Economic value of unit of irrigation water
- Revenue value of a unit of irrigation water
- Freshwater Lens
